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Cad. Zekry, M., Nassar, I., Salim, H. & Abdallah, A. Nature and Biodiversity ). Rev. Chem. 3a). Philos. The magnitude of the COVID-19 death toll was not homogenous across states and was associated with the pattern of spread18. The results from both of these experiments demonstrate that the equilibrium lies far towards the esterification product. 19, 36923706 (2017). LIFE-2021-SAP-NAT-GOV Nature Nuzzo, J. Report 19: the potential impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on HIV, TB and malaria in low- and middle-income countries. We estimated reductions in e0 and e65 due to COVID-19, for each state and sex, from the difference between the 2020 period life table and the DT20 estimates (Supplementary Tables 3 and 4), between the 2019 period life table and the DT19 estimates for 2020 (Supplementary Tables 5 and 6) and between the 2019 period life table and the DT19 estimates for 2021 (Supplementary Table 11). . !J8Di,t1@'l:fBHM?bG)z6PRIq\QiA#J%B,yd6:$U drJH!e+Lal#fl&|5v{@V:"`as[#!S/`GoQd&~^lsv)rp. However, this approach can lead to low yields due to competitive ester hydrolysis41,42 and catalyst deactivation by water43. Castro, M. C. et al. We applied standard life table relationships to complete these counterfactual life tables44. Several environmental impact categories were examined, but particular attention was paid to the global warming potential (GWP) and cumulative energy demand (CED). Clean. In Amazonas, male e65 was estimated to decline by 20% from 2019 to 2020. Manages sample collection and retention strategy. https://virological.org/t/first-reported-cases-of-sars-cov-2-sub-lineage-b-1-617-2-in-brazil-an-outbreak-in-a-ship-and-alert-for-spread/706 (2021). Internet Explorer). sub-programme "Climate change mitigation and adaptation to change. LIFE-2022-SAP-NAT-GOV Gamtos valdysenos projektai (angl. Soc. Within the first 15h, we observed a substantial drop (more than two orders of magnitude) in viscosity, after which point no further changes were observed. Process for Producing Acrylic Acid. Sonication has previously been used to chain-shorten high-molar mass polymers with various backbone architectures31,32, including polyacrylic acid33, and has been used at scale34. Labels above bars indicate the states with extreme (high and low) life expectancies in 2019 and 2020. . That is, the PSAs are soft enough to flow and wet a substrate at the bonding frequency, while hard enough to hold onto a substrate, and peel cleanly at the debonding frequency. We found a 15.3% and 15.1% decrease in GWP when replacing the industrial route with either the 1min or 2min sonication scenario, respectively, and an impressive 21.5% decrease when sonication was avoided altogether. In this work, we report a mild and efficient synthetic route for open-loop recycling the acrylic-based superabsorbent material used in diapers. Sci. Peter Bauer, Jonas Brugger, Martin Posch, Sven Drefahl, Matthew Wallace, Gunnar Andersson, Hctor Pifarr i Arolas, Enrique Acosta, Mikko Myrskyl, Ian F. Miller, Alexander D. Becker, C. Jessica E. Metcalf, Stefano Amore, Emanuela Puppo, Giuseppe Liotta, Ariel Pablos-Mndez, Simone Villa, Richard Alan Cash, Megan ODriscoll, Gabriel Ribeiro Dos Santos, Henrik Salje, Nature Medicine To the extent that correction factors are approximately equal for 2019 and 2020, our estimates are not seriously affected by missing deaths. Il nuovo programma contribuir alla transizione verso un' economia sostenibile, al miglioramento della qualit dell'ambiente e alla tutela della biodiversit. To summarize, we developed a facile and potentially scalable method to synthesize commercially relevant PSAs by open-loop recycling poly(acrylic acid) sourced from a leading diaper manufacturer. Chubarova, E. V., Melenevskaya, E. Y. In this approach, the VW for each PSA is constructed from the dynamic storage (G) and loss (G) moduli at representative bonding and debonding frequencies of 0.01 and 100Hz, respectively. EUROPE FACILITY. & Bowe, B. High-dimensional characterization of post-acute sequelae of COVID-19. We have included these important steps in our life cycle assessments, however, our syntheses utilized the more readily accessible samples of superabsorbent polymer used to manufacture diapers at P&G. 123, 116129 (2019). In just the first 4 months of 2021, Brazil surpassed the number of COVID-19 deaths during all of 2020. Faria, N. R. et al. Sade Pblica 36, e00115320 (2020). Child immunization was reduced, particularly among impoverished children in the North region29. b, Bivariate choropleth map of the estimated change in life expectancy at birth in 2020 and 2021 based on the DT19 method (Supplementary Tables 5 and 11). You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. Clin. Coates, G. W. & Getzler, Y. D. Y. L. Chemical recycling to monomer for an ideal, circular polymer economy. Among the states, Amazonas lost approximately 60% for both sexes and 68% among males. R. Soc. We assumed that those dying in a given month from any cause contributed, on average, 0.5/12 person-years, whereas the contribution of survivors was 1/12 person-years. Closed-loop chemical recycling via depolymerization to monomer is also not currently feasible for these superabsorbent materials because side-chain degradation outcompetes depolymerization. J. Phys. A life cycle assessment demonstrates that the adhesives synthesized via this approach outcompete the same materials derived from petroleum feedstocks on nearly every metric, including carbon dioxide emissions and cumulative energy demand. Collias, D. I. et al. Catal. The COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil: analysis of supply and demand of hospital and ICU beds and mechanical ventilators under different scenarios. Correspondence to In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles The state gap remained roughly the same for both e0 and e65 (Fig. % These records, aggregated at the state level, are publicly available by date on the website (https://brasil.io/covid19/). Because these data are not available by age and sex, we used de-identified publicly available data on severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) hospitalizations from the Influenza Epidemiological Surveillance Information System (Sistema de Informao de Vigilncia Epidemiolgica da Gripe, or SIVEP-Gripe, in Portuguese). First, we estimate that COVID-19 deaths in the first 4 months of 2021 have already reduced e0 by 1.8 years, and the ultimate effect on 2021 e0 will be even greater. T.A. We removed 2,689 (0.20%) and 2,722 (0.18%) records in 2019 and 2020, respectively, that did not have information on sex and/or age. The adhesive properties of the synthesized polyacrylates were evaluated using rheology and analyzed with respect to Changs viscoelastic window (VW), which classifies different adhesive types48. C.M.T. For many polymers, recycling via mechanical processes is not feasible and these materials are destined for landfills or incineration. Of the gains achieved in e0 in Brazil over 2 decades, 19% were lost due to COVID-19 (Supplementary Table 8). Expected deaths in the presence of COVID-19 are calculated by assuming that individuals who do not die of COVID-19 in 2020 and 2021 are subject to the mortality rates of 2019. First, we obtained mid-year population projections for 20182020 and abridged life tables estimated for 20002020 by state, age and sex from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatstica, or IBGE, in Portuguese) (https://www.ibge.gov.br/en/statistics/social/population/18176-population-projection.html). State acronyms by region: North: AC=Acre, AP=Amap, AM=Amazonas, PA=Par, RO=Rondnia, RR=Roraima and TO=Tocantins; Northeast: AL=Alagoas, BA=Bahia, CE=Cear, MA=Maranho, PB=Paraba, PE=Pernambuco, PI=Piau, RN=Rio Grande do Norte and SE=Sergipe; Center-West: DF=Distrito Federal, GO=Gois, MT=Mato Grosso and MS=Mato Grosso do Sul; Southeast: ES=Esprito Santo, MG=Minas Gerais, RJ=Rio de Janeiro and SP=So Paulo; South: PR=Paran, RS=Rio Grande do Sul and SC=Santa Catarina. Oncol. Adv. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Therefore, our estimates would not be seriously affected by missing deaths unless a different pattern of errors emerges in 2020. of 2-ethylhexanol and H2SO4 as a catalyst (Fig. To date, most diaper recycling efforts14 have focused on the cellulosic components, which can be biodegraded, incinerated to generate steam, pyrolyzed, or fermented to generate bioethanol15. 34, 189200 (1991). Brazil has been heavily affected by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). 166, 108304 (2020). This approach was inspired by the similar structures of sodium polyacrylate (superabsorbent polymer) and the polyacrylates (pressure-sensitive adhesives) used in tapes, bandages, and sticky notes, among others23. LIFE-2022-SAP-NAT-NATURE Gamta ir biologin vairov (angl. State acronyms by region: North: AC=Acre, AP=Amap, AM=Amazonas, PA=Par, RO=Rondnia, RR=Roraima and TO=Tocantins; Northeast: AL=Alagoas, BA=Bahia, CE=Cear, MA=Maranho, PB=Paraba, PE=Pernambuco, PI=Piau, RN=Rio Grande do Norte and SE=Sergipe; Center-West: DF=Distrito Federal, GO=Gois, MT=Mato Grosso and MS=Mato Grosso do Sul; Southeast: ES=Esprito Santo, MG=Minas Gerais, RJ=Rio de Janeiro and SP=So Paulo; South: PR=Paran, RS=Rio Grande do Sul and SC=Santa Catarina. To calculate person-years for 2020, we first interpolated population projections, assuming exponential growth by age, sex and state, for the first day of each month in 2020. Thank you for visiting nature.com. Researchers investigate what COVID-19 does to the heart. Experimentally, a plateau is observed in the plot of weight-average molar mass (Mw) versus sonication time. Nature 594, 259264 (2021). Similarly to Brazil, many other countries in Latin America experienced a relatively fast pace of mortality improvement during this period, benefitting from the public health and medical progress of their forerunners9,11. ACS Macro Lett. Formal training in customer service with. Teikti paraik ia. Super absorbent polymer (SAP) marketGlobal industry analysis, size and forecast. Reaction conditions for base-mediated and acid-catalyzed decrosslinking reactions with LCA comparison. Ventura, D. F. L., Giulio, G. M. & Rached, D. H. Lessons from the Covid-19 pandemic: sustainability is an indispensable condition of global health security. a, Estimated change in life expectancy at birth in 2020 based on the difference from life tables calculated for 2019 and 2020 by state and sex. )fdg{ca8L[2!/5\r>yGFB]Jd0EH|-v6fmxtlv^{@-0x@oOXLx1)&f@4M6"S6,+I"zvM7AC ~z:Wy{wF3JkGZpd\ _] 7N8cPi} Managed the strategic partnerships with: Microsoft, Nokia, and NavTech. USA 118, e2014746118 (2021). Here, chemical transformations are used to convert waste polymers into other value-added materials, delaying their entry into the waste stream. & Garenne, M. The 1918 influenza epidemics effects on sex differentials in mortality in the United States. We demonstrate herein that our open-loop recycling approach to pressure-sensitive adhesives from superabsorbent polymers outcompetes the petroleum-derived syntheses on nearly every metric, including global warming potential and cumulative energy demand. Most consumer PSA-based products are found in either quadrant 3 or the central region (e.g., office tape, sticky notes, bandages, and removable labels), which is signified by low-to-medium G and G. and S.K. For both DT20 and DT19, after estimating the ratio of non-COVID-19 deaths to all-cause deaths, we then used this ratio to estimate the counterfactual life tables in which COVID-19 was eliminated and COVID-19 was included, respectively. Polym. Bauer, W., Jr. Acrylic acid and derivatives. stream The South was the last region to be severely hit by COVID-19 in 2020 (ref. Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter what matters in science, free to your inbox daily. We calculated the correlation between the speed of the spread of COVID-19 deaths (measured by the locational Hoover Index)18 and the decline in e0. https://portal.fiocruz.br/sites/portal.fiocruz.br/files/documentos/boletim_covid_2021_extraordinario_maio.pdf (2021). and S.G. conducted the formal analysis. http://olheparaafome.com.br/VIGISAN_Inseguranca_alimentar.pdf (2021). 32, 290299 (2016). Responsible for the full life-cycle of the first infotainment system in the market, AutoPC built with Microsoft. Al-Jabari, M., Abu Ghyadah, R. & Alokely, R. Recovery of hydrogel from baby diaper wastes and its application for enhancing soil irrigation management. Hong, M. & Chen, E. Y.-X. CAS May 1998 - Jan 20012 years 9 months. Sci. Several routes for converting the polyacrylic acid into a polyacrylate were compared. xCv+}jE`MGA-k8E5YYM Carvalho, C. A., Viola, P. C. A. F. & Sperandio, N. How is Brazil facing the crisis of food and nutrition security during the COVID-19 pandemic? Brazil continues to face a challenging situation. T.A., S.G. and S.K. 364, 19851998 (2009). Manaus, the capital of Amazonas, observed a very high attack rate after the first wave of the pandemic in 2020 (ref. EXPERIENCE 15 years of experience in Shared Services, BPO, Finance, Business and Investment. Expected Impact . Google Scholar. Heuveline, P. & Tzen, M. Beyond deaths per capita: comparative COVID-19 mortality indicators. Peer review information Nature Communications thanks the anonymous reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work. Applicants wishing to apply for more than one topic, must submit a separate proposal under each topic. Am. endobj J. Polym. Barone, M. T. U. et al. Also in May 2021, the first case of the Delta variant (B.1.617.2), first detected in India, was reported in Brazil26. Hayes, R. L., Armacost, K. A., Vilseck, J. Protection and Research, The Kick-off meeting of the LIFE-2021-SAP-NAT-NATURE TURTLENEST project will be held on January 20 in Rome, at the Legambiente headquarters. is supported by the National Institute on Aging (grant no. Rahimi, A. LIFE-2021-SAP-NAT Nature & Biodiversity - Standard Action Projects (SAP) LIFE-2021-SAP-NAT-GOV Nature Governance 19 , 2021 Spatiotemporal pattern of COVID-19 spread in Brazil. The corresponding VW for each adhesive is the rectangular region bounded by these four moduli. 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California, United States. LIFE-2021-SAP-NAT-GOV Nature Governance Each project application under the call must address only one of these topics. Specifically, using a 2 or 3 step synthetic process, the sodium polyacrylate is converted into a pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA), which has a significant global market (expected to be $13 billion by 2023) (https://www.alliedmarketresearch.com/pressure-sensitive-adhesives-market). 1 0 obj Political and institutional perils of Brazils COVID-19 crisis. https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/publications/the-new-plastics-economy-rethinking-the-future-of-plastics-catalysing-action (2017). Revista de Administrao Pblica 54, 678696 (2020). Glacial acrylic acid (GAA), methyl acrylate (MA), ethyl acrylate (EA), n-butyl acrylate (BA) and 2-ethylhexyl acrylate (2-EHA). endobj Sustainable polycarbonate adhesives for dry and aqueous conditions with thermoresponsive properties, Recent advances in biodegradable polymers for sustainable applications, Hydroplastic polymers as eco-friendly hydrosetting plastics, Moisture outgassing from siloxane elastomers containing surface-treated-silica fillers, End-of-life upcycling of polyurethanes using a room temperature, mechanism-based degradation, Recyclable thermoset hyperbranched polymers containing reversible hexahydro-s-triazine, Water-processable, biodegradable and coatable aquaplastic from engineered biofilms, Packaging materials with desired mechanical and barrier properties and full chemical recyclability, https://www.alliedmarketresearch.com/pressure-sensitive-adhesives-market, https://www.statista.com/statistics/282732/global-production-of-plastics-since-1950, https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2019-11/documents/2017_facts_and_figures_fact_sheet_final.pdf, https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/publications/the-new-plastics-economy-rethinking-the-future-of-plastics-catalysing-action, https://www.futuremarketinsights.com/reports/super-absorbent-polymer-market, https://www.petrochemistry.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/150727_EBAM-Eco-profile-Acrylic-Monomers-1.pdf, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, Closed-loop chemical recycling of cross-linked polymeric materials based on reversible amidation chemistry, Functional Acrylate Polymer Synthesis: Postpolymerization Modification Approach.