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Ag-Amalwal. In the first millennium BC, early cities and towns were created by Mande peoples related to the Soninke people, along the middle Niger River in central Mali, including at Dia which began from around 900 BC, and reached its peak around 600 BC,[52] and Djenne-Djenno, which lasted from around 250 BC to 900 AD. By the time of his death in 1337, Mali had control over Taghazza, a salt-producing area in the north, which further strengthened its treasury. You cannot download interactives. These farbas would rule their old kingdoms in the name of the mansa with most of the authority they held prior to joining the empire. The audio, illustrations, photos, and videos are credited beneath the media asset, except for promotional images, which generally link to another page that contains the media credit. Al-Umari's list, which is quoted with slight differences by al-Qalqashandi, is as follows: Al-Umari also indicates that four Amazigh tribes were subjects of Mali: Gomez instead suggests that these tribes would have inhabited territory in the vicinity of Mema, Ghana, and Diafunu. [47], According to Jules Vidal and Levtzion, citing oral histories from Kangaba and Keyla, another onetime capital was Manikoro or Mali-Kura, founded after the destruction of Niani. It is known from the Tarikh al-Sudan that Mali was still a sizeable state in the 15th century. jeli), also known as griots, includes relatively little information about Musa compared to some other parts of the history of Mali. Included in al-Qalqashandi's quotation of al-'Umari, but not in any manuscript of al-'Umari's text itself, which only list thirteen provinces despite saying there are fourteen. . Heusch, Luc de: "The Symbolic Mechanisms of Sacred Kingship: Rediscovering Frazer". Mansa Musa was the great-great-grandson of Sunjata, who was the founder of the empire of Mali. He intended to abdicate the throne and return to Mecca but died before he was able to do so. [93] Only at the state or province level was there any palpable interference from the central authority in Niani. [69] The university became a center of learning and culture, drawing Muslim scholars from around Africa and the Middle East to Timbuktu. Salt was as valuable, if not more valuable, than gold in sub-Saharan Africa. That same year, Mahmud II sent another envoy to the Portuguese proposing alliance against the Fula. Rather, authority would rest with the mansa and his court, wherever he went. This is the least known period in Mali's imperial history. The Keitas retreated to the town of Kangaba, where they became provincial chiefs. [113], In 1544 or 1545,[f] a Songhai force led by kanfari Dawud, who would later succeed his brother Askia Ishaq as ruler of the Songhai Empire, sacked the capital of Mali and purportedly used the royal palace as a latrine. ), mansa (emperor) of the West African empire of Mali from 1307 (or 1312). Mansa Musa was a smart, powerful, competent Islamic autocrat who ruled over and expanded the Malian empire. [140], The Mali Empire maintained a semi-professional, full-time army in order to defend its borders. [92] Furthermore, it is difficult to meaningfully compare the wealth of historical figures such as Mansa Musa, due to the difficulty of separating the personal wealth of a monarch from the wealth of the state and the difficulty of comparing wealth in highly different societies. Candice Goucher, Charles LeGuin, and Linda Walton. Mama Maghan, mansa of Kangaba, campaigned against the Bamana in 1667 and laid siege to SegouKoro for a reported three years. The Joma area, governed from Siguiri, controlled the central region, which encompassed Niani. Abu Bakr was the first and only mansa to inherit through the female line, which has been argued to be either a break from or a return to tradition. He was deposed in 1389, marking the end of the Faga Laye Keita mansas. Provinces picked their own governors via their own custom (election, inheritance, etc.). Mansa Musa brought architects and scholars from across the Islamic world into his kingdom, and the reputation of the Mali kingdom grew. [51] Musa made a major point of showing off his nation's wealth. The conquest of Sosso in c. 1235 gave the Mali Empire access to the trans-Saharan trade routes. Several alternate spellings exist, such as Congo Musa, Gongo Musa, and Kankan Musa, but they are regarded as incorrect. The latter told Ibn Khaldun about devastating struggle over Gao between Mali imperial forces against Berber Tuareg forces from Takedda. The farba could also take power away from the native administration if required and raise an army in the area for defence or putting down rebellions.[130]. [125] Farin was a general term for northern commander at the time. The Sankor University was capable of housing 25,000 students and had one of the largest libraries in the world with roughly 1,000,000 manuscripts.[100][101]. [17] Whether Mali originated as the name of a town or region, the name was subsequently applied to the entire empire ruled from Mali. The current King, Salman bin Abdulaziz, is the 25th son of King Abdulaziz and has continued to maintain the . Most West African canoes were of single-log construction, carved and dug out from one massive tree trunk.[144]. [26] Sariq Jata may be another name for Sunjata, who was actually Musa's great-uncle. Running a website with millions of readers every month is expensive. Musa embarked on a large building program, raising mosques and madrasas in Timbuktu and Gao. Ms I is widely considered the wealthiest man in history. Still, when Ibn Battuta arrived at Mali in July 1352, he found a thriving civilisation on par with virtually anything in the Muslim or Christian world. [56], In the 1960s, archaeological work at Niani village, reputed to be the capital of the Mali Empire, by Polish and Guinean archaeologists revealed the remains of a substantial town dating back as far as the 6th century. Emperors and Empresses from Around the (Non-Roman) World Quiz, Armand-Jean du Plessis, cardinal et duc de Richelieu, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Musa-I-of-Mali, World History Encyclopedia - Mansa Musa I, Musa - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). Musa's death may have occurred in 1337, 1332, or possibly even earlier, giving 1307 or 1312 as plausible approximate years of accession. Very little is known about the life of Mansa Musa before 1312. Ibn Battuta, who visited the capital city from 1352 to 1353, called it Mali. The new Songhai Empire conquered Mema,[93] one of Mali's oldest possessions, in 1465. His reign came with huge physical, economic and intellectual development in the Mali Empire. [70] Gbr Keita was crowned Mansa Ouali Keita II and ruled during the period of Mali's contact with Portugal. [122] They targeted Moroccan pashas still in Timbuktu and the mansas of Manden. Sadly for Sundjata, this did not occur before his father died. His generous gifts to Mamluk Egypt and his expenditure of gold caused significant inflation in Egypt. Mansa Ms probably died in 1332. Original video by UsefulCharts. His administration and military work allowed the empire to survive through the 16th century, solidifying him, his empire, and his family into the imaginations of storytellers around the world. [79][80], Musa's reign is commonly regarded as Mali's golden age, but this perception may be the result of his reign being the best recorded by Arabic sources, rather than him necessarily being the wealthiest and most powerful mansa of Mali. [18], In the Songhai language, rulers of Mali such as Musa were known as the Mali-koi, koi being a title that conveyed authority over a region: in other words, the "ruler of Mali". At Taghaza, for example, salt was exchanged; at Takedda, copper. Mansa Mss prodigious generosity and piety, as well as the fine clothes and exemplary behaviour of his followers, did not fail to create a most-favourable impression. "Mansa Musa Family Tree | Empire of Mali." 1312 is the most widely accepted by modern historians. A Golden Age: King Mansa Musa's Reign. The Gbara or Great Assembly would serve as the Mandinka deliberative body until the collapse of the empire in 1645. He is the resurrected spirit of Masuta the Ascended, the second boss in the first elite dungeon, Temple of Aminishi . This enabled him to rule over a realm larger than even the Ghana Empire in its apex. [133], There was no standard currency throughout the realm, but several forms were prominent by region. Islamic studies flourished thereafter. In the 17th year of his reign (1324), he set out on his famous pilgrimage to Mecca. 05 Mar 2023. The kingdom of Mali was relatively unknown outside of West Africa until this event. In 1542, the Songhai invaded the capital city but were unsuccessful in conquering the empire. Historians who lived during the height and decline of the Mali Empire consistently record its standing army peaking at 100,000, with 10,000 of that number being made up of cavalry. [99] The gold Musa brought on his pilgrimage probably represented years of accumulated tribute that Musa would have spent much of his early reign gathering. Musa and his entourage arrived at the outskirts of Cairo in July 1324. The Songhai Empire had fallen to the Saadi Sultanate of Morocco eight years earlier, and Mahmud sought to take advantage of their defeat by trying to capture Jenne. Masuta performs many of the same attacks as his original incarnation (though he yells a quote prior to using his abilities), but does not summon thrashing waters or create . by UsefulCharts. Mansa Musa (died 1337), king of the Mali empire in West Africa, is known mostly for his fabulous pilgrimage to Mecca and for his promotion of unity and prosperity within Mali. [102] It seems quite possible that an exodus of the inhabitants took place at this juncture and the importance of the city was not revived until the rise of the Songhai empire. The World History Encyclopedia logo is a registered trademark. [54] Despite this initial awkwardness, the two rulers got along well, and exchanged gifts. [136] While it was as good as gold in the north, it was even better in the south. The Mali Empire consisted of land that is now part of Guinea, Senegal, Mauritania, The Gambia, and the modern state of Mali. The Mali Empire (Manding: Mand or Manden; Arabic: , romanized: Ml) was an empire in West Africa from c. 1226 to 1670. Musa gave the gold to the poor he met along his route. By 1180 it had even subjugated Wagadou forcing the Sonink to pay tribute. Mansa Souleyman Keita (or Suleiman) took steep measures to put Mali back into financial shape, thereby developing a reputation for miserliness. This website claims no authorship of this content; we are republishing it for educational purposes. He built mosques and large public buildings in cities like Gao and, most famously, Timbuktu. The emperor himself rode on horseback and was directly preceded by 500 enslaved persons, each carrying a gold-adorned staff. Mansa Musa returned from Mecca with several Islamic scholars, including direct descendants of the prophet Muhammad and an Andalusian poet and architect by the name of Abu Es Haq es Saheli, who is . Eventually, due to Muhammad's failure to return, Musa was recognized as mansa.[89]. [49] It has been suggested that the name given in the Arabic sources for the capital of Mali is derived the Manding word "bambi", meaning "dais", and as such refers to the "seat of government" in general rather than being the name of a specific city. According to Ibn Battuta who visited Mali in the mid-14th century, one camel load of salt sold at Walata for 810 mithqals of gold, but in Mali proper it realised 2030 ducats and sometimes even 40. Most notably, the ancient center of learning Sankore Madrasah (or University of Sankore) was constructed during his reign. by Spanish cartographers, shows West Africa dominated by a depiction of Mansa Musa sitting on a throne, holding a nugget of gold in one hand and a golden staff in the other. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. While on the hajj, he met the Andalusian poet and architect es-Saheli. At both Gao and Timbuktu, a Songhai city almost rivalling Gao in importance, Mansa Ms commissioned Ab Isq al-Sil, a Granada poet and architect who had travelled with him from Mecca, to build mosques. Musa was a Muslim, and his pilgrimage to Mecca, also known as hajj, made him well known across Northern Africa and the Middle East. Free warriors from the north (Mandekalu or otherwise) were usually equipped with large reed or animal hide shields and a stabbing spear that was called a tamba. When Musa departed Mali for the hajj, he left his son Muhammad to rule in his absence. Ibn Battuta mentions that the value of salt increased fourfold when transported between Oualata and the Malian capital. National Geographic Headquarters 1145 17th Street NW Washington, DC 20036. Also, Sundiata divided the lands amongst the people assuring everyone had a place in the empire and fixed exchange rates for common products[127]. Scholars who were mainly interested in history, Qurnic theology, and law were to make the mosque of Sankore in Timbuktu a teaching centre and to lay the foundations of the University of Sankore. When you reach out to him or her, you will need the page title, URL, and the date you accessed the resource. Gold, copper, and salt were a major source of income in the 12th century and the empire happened to be blessed with it, even more as it expanded. "[65], It is recorded that Mansa Musa traveled through the cities of Timbuktu and Gao on his way to Mecca, and made them a part of his empire when he returned around 1325. [52][55], Musa's generosity continued as he traveled onwards to Mecca, and he gave gifts to fellow pilgrims and the people of Medina and Mecca. After a mere nine months of rule, Mansa Camba Keita was deposed by one of Maghan Keita I's three sons. Each individual farariya ("brave") had a number of infantry officers beneath them called kl-koun or dknsi. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Mansa Musa came from his country with 80 loads of gold dust (tibr), each load weighing three qintars. [14], Medieval sources are divided over whether Mali is the name of a town or a region. This is one of the main factors to the fall of the kingdom. [132], The Mali Empire flourished because of its trade above all else. [60] Other scholars whom Musa brought to Mali included Maliki jurists. Text on this page is printable and can be used according to our Terms of Service. He brought architects from Andalusia, a region in Spain, and Cairo to build his grand palace in Timbuktu and the great Djinguereber Mosque that still stands today. All of them agree that he took a very large group of people; the mansa kept a personal guard of some 500 men,[94] and he gave out so many alms and bought so many things that the value of gold in Egypt and Arabia depreciated for twelve years. [124] Following this disastrous set of events, Mansa Mama Maghan abandoned the capital of Niani. (2020, October 17). One of the five pillars of Islam states that Muslims should embark on a pilgrimage known as Hajj, to the holy city of Mecca.. Online articles in the 21st century have claimed that Mansa Musa was the richest person of all time. Kankoro-sigui Mari Djata, who had no relation to the Keita clan, essentially ran the empire in Musa Keita II's stead. [11][b] In Mand tradition, it was common for one's name to be prefixed by their mother's name, so the name Kanku Musa means "Musa, son of Kanku", although it is unclear if the genealogy implied is literal. [61], According to the Tarikh al-Sudan, the cities of Gao and Timbuktu submitted to Musa's rule as he traveled through on his return to Mali. Evidence of cavalry in terracotta figures suggest the empire's prosperous economy as horses are not indigenous to Africa. [81] The territory of the Mali Empire was at its height during the reigns of Musa and his brother Sulayman, and covered the Sudan-Sahel region of West Africa. So lavish was the emperor in his spending that he flooded the Cairo market with gold, thereby causing such a decline in its value that the market some 12 years later had still not fully recovered. His leadership of Mali, a state which stretched across two thousand . Mansa Sandaki Keita, a descendant of kankoro-sigui Mari Djata Keita, deposed Maghan Keita II, becoming the first person without any Keita dynastic relation to officially rule Mali. Masuta the Descended is a miniboss in The Shadow Reef. [75] It is possible that it was actually Musa's son Maghan who congratulated Abu al-Hasan, or Maghan who received Abu al-Hasan's envoy after Musa's death. He also brought architects from the Middle East and across Africa to design new buildings for his cities. [27] The date of Musa's birth is unknown, but he still appeared to be a young man in 1324. Upon stabbing their spears into the ground before Sundiata's throne, each of the twelve kings relinquished their kingdom to the Keita dynasty. In Mali he promoted trans-Saharan trade that further increased the empires wealth. Mansa Musa was a devout Muslim. We would much rather spend this money on producing more free history content for the world. Mansa Ms, whose empire was one of the largest in the world at that time, is reported to have observed that it would take a year to travel from one end of his empire to the other. Under his leadership, Mali conquered new territories and trade with North Africa increased. The fame of Mansa Musa and his phenomenal wealth spread as he traveled on his hajjto Mecca. Duties of the farba included reporting on the activities of the territory, collecting taxes and ensuring the native administration didn't contradict orders from Niani. According to the records of Ibn Battuta,[138][139] copper which traded in bars was mined from Takedda in the north and traded in the south for gold. Mansa Ms, either the grandson or the grandnephew of Sundiata, the founder of his dynasty, came to the throne in 1307. [75] When the campaigning was done, his empire extended 1,000 miles (1,600km) east to west with those borders being the bends of the Senegal and Niger rivers respectively. During the height of Sundiata's power, the land of Manden (the area populated by the Mandinka people) became one of its provinces. [40], Musa was a young man when he became mansa, possibly in his early twenties. His 25-year reign (1312-1337 CE) is described as "the golden age of . Geography, Human Geography, Social Studies, Ancient Civilizations, World History. [70] However, once Sundiata did gain use of his legs he grew strong and very respected. During Musa's 25-year-rule the Mali Empire more than tripled in size and had significant influence in several modern day countries including Mauritania, Senegal, Nigeria, Burkino Faso and Chad. [citation needed]. [41] A particular challenge lies in interpreting early Arabic manuscripts, in which, without vowel markings and diacritics, foreign names can be read in numerous different ways (e.g. ", "Recherches sur l'Empire du Mali au Moyen Age", "Towards a New Study of the So-Called Trkh al-fattsh", World History Encyclopedia Mansa Musa I, History Channel: Mansa Moussa: Pilgrimage of Gold, Caravans of Gold, Fragments in Time: Art, Culture, and Exchange across Medieval Saharan Africa, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mansa_Musa&oldid=1142573327, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Mansa Musa was portrayed in two games in the, Mansa Musa was portrayed in the episode ", This page was last edited on 3 March 2023, at 05:05. Musa I (Arabic: , romanized:Mans Ms, N'Ko: ; r.c.1312c.1337[a]) was the ninth[4] mansa of the Mali Empire, which reached its territorial peak during his reign. We care about our planet! Watch the map animation on From Nothing:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QOexUoPc6YUBe sure to subscribe to From Nothing for more African History:https://www.. U UsefulCharts 0 followers More information Mansa Musa Family Tree Rich Man Today, his net worth is estimated to have been $400 billion. And so the name Keita became a clan/family and began its reign.[70]. In his attempt to justify the importance of the Keita and their civilisation in early Arabic literatures, Adelabu, the head of Awqaf Africa in London, coined the Arabic derivatives K(a)-W(e)-Y(a) of the word Keita which in (in what he called) Arabicised Mandingo language Allah(u) Ka(w)eia meaning "Allah Creates All" as a favourable motto of reflection for Bilal Ibn Rabah, one of the most trusted and loyal Sahabah (companions) of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, whom he described (quoting William Muir's book The Life of Muhammad) as 'a tall, dark, and with African feature and bushy hair'[64] pious man who overcame slavery, racism and socio-political obstacles in Arabia to achieve a lofty status in this world and in the Hereafter.[65]. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. [40] Ibn Battuta and Leo Africanus both call the capital "Mali. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Every year merchants entered Mali via Oualata with camel loads of salt to sell in Niani. [20] For the later period of the Mali Empire, the major written primary sources are Portuguese accounts of the coastal provinces of Mali and neighboring societies.[21]. If Dakajalan was, in fact, situated near Kangaba, this may also have contributed to their conflation, beginning with Delafosse's speculation that the latter may have begun as a suburb of the former. It is not known if this was an attempt to correct the depreciation of gold in the area due to his spending,[7] or if he had simply run out of the funds needed for the return trip.