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Penis with a very long slender flagellum that extends beyond terminal lobe. In Florida four types of Campeloma have been recognized. Black-crested Elimia) Elimia albanyensis (Lea, 1864). When trying to identify the type of snail, the easiest method is to check it out closely. Ovate Campeloma Shell nearly smooth, sculptured with irregular growth striations. Peristome complete around aperture. 40). (Pfeiffer, 1839). Aperture moderately oblique. The VIVIPARINAE is widely distributed throughout Europe, Asia and eastern North America. You can also navigate through the images by clicking on the arrows near the left and right edges of the enlarged view. Green Cove Springsnail Conical with relatively obese whorls. They are brown in color and have a striped pattern. Length of shell 2.6-3.0 mm (Fig. The sexes are separate and fertilization is internal (Andrews, 1964). In previous editions of the manual species of Floridobia were placed in the genus Cincinnatia. 151, 152). 10). Shell smaller, reaching a maximum diameter of 13 mm. Adult large, about 23-27 mm long (Figs. Shell with 3-4 whorls. Attains a length of about 30-36 mm (Figs. Sexes strongly dimorphic in size, males about half as long as females. Apical whorls raised to form a point on top of spire. Most species are disc-shaped or planular, as is implied by the name PLANORBIDAE. We Floridians have so much to be proud of. The reader may be troubled by the imprecise shell characteristics that are used in the key. Whorls rounded, not carinate above; occasionally angular below. (The penis is normally recurved into the mantle cavity, except during mating. 117). Mimic Pondsnail Wm. Suture of whorls more deeply impressed than in previous species. Published April 18, 2013 (Mller, 1774). Females with live embryos in brood pouch in mantle; males with right eye stalk modified as a penis. It is troublesome mostly in southern Florida as far north as Tampa, but because potted plants are regularly moved northward it can appear almost anywhere. Shell with darker colored spiral chords that may be smooth or wavy. 69, 70). Aphaostracon pycnus 48). Spurwinkia: Morphology, systematics, and ecology of a new genus of North American marshland Hydrobiidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda). MIAMI-DADE, Fla. As if 2020 did not have enough surprises and curveballs, an invasive snail located in the U.S. for the first time was discovered in-- you guessed it, Florida. Eight species have been proposed. Basal lip of peristome deeply receded. Bright pink egg masses are laid on . Subspecies bear the same name as the nominate subspecies, as is consistent with the standard used by the American Fisheries Society for fishes, and by other societies for other classes of animals. Radial riblets on entire surface of shell except apex. Giant African snails can lead to giant problems. The other three forms, C. limum (Anthony, 1860), C. floridense Call,1866 and C. parthenum Vail, 1979, are exclusively apomictic parthenogens and have been separated on the basis of aperture coloration, embryonic shell coloration, and contour of the outer lip (Vail 1979a). Outer lip strongly sinuous. Adults about 2-3 mm long (Figs. Shaggy Ghostsnail Pilsbry, H. A. 1956. Alexander Siltsnail The number of subfanilies recognized in the Hydrobiida is unsettled. File Campeloma It is globose in shape, body whorls are wide, spire is depressed, and the aperature is narrowly oval (Burch 1982). 94). 1934. Review of the Planorbidae of Florida with notes on other members of the family. Pomacea paludosa, common name the Florida applesnail, is a species of freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Ampullariidae, the apple snails . University of Florida Shell dull. Penis with two or more longitudinal crests within U-shaped superior tubercle (Fig. Vertical sculpture reduced to irregularly spaced and uneven growth striations or low undulating ribs. Walker, B. Dorsl surface of penis with a few elongate superior tubercles that form a weakly defined U-shaped pattern. Shell larger, reaching a maximum diameter of 18 mm. Shell planular or disc-shaped; spire flat when raised above succeeding whorls (Figs. Embryonic shell smooth, without spiral chords (Fig. The LIOPLACINAE is endemic and include Campeloma, Lioplax, and Tulotoma. Giant African land snail, Florida: Pest, parasite, meningitis concerns (Thompson, 1968). 89, 90). The manual treats only those genera that occur in freshwater. Blue Spring Hydrobe Shell with strong vertical ribs on spire; spiral chords vestigial, confined to spiral series of knobs on top of vertical ribs; adults small, about 13-16 mm long (Fig. Cymbal Ancylid Those available covered only part of the state or part of the fauna. Base of shell regularly expanding, not funnel-shaped. Operculum tightly coiled with four slowly expanding whorls (Figs. This study was a landmark contribution to the malacology of the southeast, and it summarized the known fauna of western Florida. Shell elliptical-ovate in shape. Umbilical perforation narrow, 1/8 1/10 diameter of shell. (Goodrich, 1924). Spiral sculpture absent. 1982. Shell conical, spire moderatly high. Occasionally it may be necessary to turn to other information sources to determine identifications with a greater degree of certainty.. Vernacular names are given only for species. Florida is trying to eradicate the giant African land snail, again Adults about 5 mm long (Figs. Purple-throated Campeloma 159-179). The best times to look for shells are after a high tide, after a storm, in the morning, and during the winter months. Frequently the shells of ampulariids and viviparids are very similar. Peristome incomplete around aperture. 34); penis frlattened, blade-like (Fig. Occasional Papers on Mollusks, 2: 385-412. Shell of various shapes and sculpture. Aperture of shell closed by an operculum (snail must be collected live because the operculum is lost soon after death). Body whorl inflated. Florida Flatcoil: Golden Zachrysia: Zachrysia provisoria (L. Pfeiffer, 1858) Gastrocopta pellucida (L. Pfeiffer, 1841) Zonitoides arboreus (Say, 1817) Garden Zachrysia: Slim Snaggletooth: Quick Gloss: Mesomphix globosus (MacMillan, 1940) Hawaiia minuscula (A. Binney, 1841) Mesodon thyroidus (Say, 1817) Globose Button: Minute Gem: White-lip Globe Pilsbry, H. A. Earlier whorls of adult shell with vertical ribs and spiral chords. 173). 19-21). 129). Floridobia leptospira This family contains twelve genera in North America. Aperture never with a septum. Another variety, with cream-colored flesh and mottled brown shells, was detected in 2022. Credit: Craig Pittman. The island apple snail is the largest of the known species in Florida with shell sizes up to five inches in length. terrestrial snails affecting plants in Florida - University of Florida Suture weakly impressed. Floridobia porterae Lyogyrus retromargo Central tooth of radula with basocones located on fore or lateral wing of tooth (Figs. Aperture comma-shaped, tightly appressed against preceding whorl. 128). 91). Laevapex peninsulas University of Illinois Press, Urbana. Three occur in Florida. Evolution has occurred through reproductive specialization, with each genus and most species having distinctive patterns of dermal glands. 2018). In the event that only shell specimens are available, picture-matching may be necessary to eliminate some choices in the couplets. A preliminary revision of Florida Lioplax (Gastropoda: Viviparidae), with a description of Lioplax talquinensis n.sp. Shell medium-sized, 3.0-3.8 mm long; thinner, translucent or transparent in life; tear-shaped; spire raised and nearly straight-sided, pointed; body whorl less conspicuously enlarged, not descending to aperture along last half whorl. The genus is found along the east coast of North America from Maryland south to Tabasco, Mexico. Shell nearly smooth, sculptured with irregularly spaced incremental striations (Figs. (Say, 1829). Low-dome Physa 164, 167). Spilochlamys conica Shell 2.8-3.7 mm long. Florida applesnail (Pomacea paludosa) - Species Profile - USGS After a few years in storage glandular tissues in the female reproductive system deteriorate, and the process gradually spreads to destroy all but the terminal genital structures. Viviparus contectoides limi, new name for V. c. compactus Pils. Giant Snails Carrying Meningitis Are Causing Concern in Florida - Newsweek 130). Swallow-tailed kites are spring and summer residents; snail kites are specially adapted to feed on apple snails in Florida freshwater wetlands year 'round. (Say, 1817). In Pasco County Florida, a quarantine order was issued for people after the re-discovery of the giant African land snail, an invasive species that can harm to humans, structures, and wildlife. USDA APHIS | Mollusks 92). Adult shells small, less than 3 mm high; umbilicus closed by the reflected columellar lip; columellar margin of the aperture nearly straight, barely convex (Fig. Florida eradicates eight-inch snail for the second time in 10 years Apical whorls bluntly rounded and not conspicuously elevated. Incremental striations uniformly weak. 2002. Whorls 4.6-5.3. Typically, land snails live on or near the ground, feed on decaying plant matter, and lay their eggs in the soil. 172). Slackwater Elimia Penis with a single papilla along left margin (Fig. Knobby Elimia Peninsula Ancylid Operculum with concentric growth rings around nucleus (Figs. Mantle diffusely pigmented or unpigmented. Jan. 28, 2020 . Define Invasive Species: must have ALL of the following -. It should be remembered that it is only a key which emphasizes shell characters. Apex in the posterior right third, domelike and evenly rounded. Florida Shell Guide. Shell usually with raised spiral threads around periphery, frequently the uppermost thread has conical or triangular spines (Figs. Color of fresh shell never milky white. Prominent vertical ribs on middle and upper whorls. Periphery variable. Whorls of spire strongly arched or rounded. (Couper, 1844). 146). Shell larger, 2.8-4.6 mm long; adults with 4.0-4.9 whorls; spire longer, 0.9-1.3 times height of aperture; superior tubercles not arranged in oblique longitudinal series. (Walker, 1905). Florida eliminates giant snail that can eat houses - Phys.org This will lead you to the final choice which identifies the snail. Choctaw Lioplax Elimia doolyensis 1979b. Aperture terminating below periphery of body whorl. Aphaostracon pachynotus 35). (Clench & Turner, 1956). The shell are secondarily useful for identification, but only when supplemented with anatomical information. The criterion of inbreeding for defining species cannot be applied, and other objective criteria are not yet been established. Thompson, F. G. 1982. Embryonic shell with a strong peripheral spiral chord that continues onto following whorls (Fig. Operculum calcareous with two pegs on inner surface (Figs. Fortunately in Florida, the species are relatively easy to distinguish. Some were range extensions for species known to occur in adjacent areas. Shell specimens should be cleaned and air-dried. Land Snail (Bulimulus sporadicus)A large group of Bulimulus sporadicus found in the Florida panhandle. The species are highly variable, and there is no consensus regarding the number of valid species. The radula can be studied by dissecting out the buccal mass and macerating it in clorox or sodium hydroxide. (Pfeiffer, 1839). (Thompson & Hershler, 1991). 95). (Weatherby, 1879). Mantle diffusely pigmented with melanophores (Fig. Malacological Review, 12: 87-88. Adult shell small, less than 3 mm high; umbilicus narrow but not occluded by the columellar lip; columellar margin of the aperture weakly concave (Fig. Shell variable in shape, elongate to globose; usually not more than 5 mm in length; apex of spire seldom eroded (except in Somatogyrus); 4-6 whorls; shell smooth (except in Pyrgophorus and Tryonia); central tooth of radula with basal cusps (Figs. Euglandina rosea, the rosy wolfsnail or cannibal snail, is a species of medium-sized to large predatory air-breathing land snail, a carnivorous terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Spiraxidae.. The shells should be rinsed frequently in tap water during the cleaning process to prevent etching by the acid. 56). Pygmy Siltsnail) Floridobia parva (Thompson, 1968). Shell medium to large (12-75 mm). Sea Snails | FWC - Florida Fish And Wildlife Conservation Commission Radial striations present or absent Laevapex Walker, 1903. This subfamily includes about fifteen North American and European genera (Thompson 1979). Surface smooth, glossy, striations when present very weak. Suture simple, not crenulated. Shell more slender and attenuate; spire more elongate in adults, about 0.7- 1.0 times height of aperture. Laevapex diaphanus 149). Sexes not conspicuously dimorphic in size. Aperture relatively shorter, about half or less the length of the shell. Rock Fossaria Shell variable in shape. Taylor, D. W. 2003. 32). (Frauenfeld, 1863). Melanoides tuberculata (Muller) in Florida. Spiral angulation on last whorl obsolete or bluntly rounded and forming a shallow sulcus below shoulder of last whorl. . Planorbis alabamensis and dilatatus in the Floridian Pliocene. The radula is then thoroughly rinsed in distilled water, stained, and mounted on a microscope slide. Six Rivers CISMA EDRR Invasive Species of the Month - Bulimulus (Anthony, 1860). PDF Giant African Land Snail Identification Sheet - Florida Commissioner of Female ovoviviparous with about 50 embryos in uterus; embryos clearly evident through clean shells. Suture relatively shallow. Overshadowing this genetic divergence are frequent examples of convergent evolution of similar adult shell characters among distantly related species. Florida Press, Gainesville: i-xv, 1-68; pls. Native and Invasive Land Snails - Rare, Beautiful & Fascinating Shell with or without bands; slender; Suture deeply impressed; upper whorls with a strongly carinate periphery (Fig. Conical with relatively slender whorls. Aphaostracon chalarogyrus Shell larger, thicker, and opaque; spire 0.9-1.3 times length of aperture; with more than 4.2 whorls; penis flagellum with glandular crests. Shell obese and ponderous. Each snail has both female and male reproductive organs, so they can reproduce rapidly. Three other species occur farther north. Click on the link in the row that best matches your snail. A single glandular crest present on apex of terminal lobe (Figs. The bodies of large snails, such as viviparids and pilids, should be pulled from the shell. common name: tree snails of Florida scientific name: Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Bulimulidae Introduction - Identification - Key to the Bulimulidae of Florida - Selected References Introduction (Back to Top) Many snails are found in trees, but only a few are exclusively arboreal for most or all of their life cycle. Shell usually elevated, but variable. The Pleuroceridae of the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Adams, 1841). Shell subcircular, smooth, often encrusted with dark material. 135). Shell moderately elevated, over 0.25 times as high as long. Spiral sculpture faint or absent (Figs. One to several dark growth-rest varixes usually present on last whorl. Spilochlamys is most similar to the next genus, Cincinnatia, from which its shell usually differs by having a more deeply impressed suture, more strongly shouldered whorls, and a wider umbilical perforation. Some species that are endemic to Florida springs live in environments with nearly constant temperatures and apparently reproduce continuously throughout the year. Others were new taxa not found in earlier surveys. Identification of Marine Snails reefdup Identification, Snails July 3, 2020 Cerith, Collonista, Collumbellid, Conch, Limpet, Nassarius, Nerite, Ninja, Pyramidellid, Snail, Stomatella, Turbo, Vermetid 3 Comments Marine snails come in all shapes, sizes, colors, and function, so proper identification is crucial! Shell with spiral chords or spirally arranged series of nodes. The author has attempted to simplify the key to include the minimum anatomical data needed for accurate identification. 2015; Agudo-Padron 2018). Shell conical or globose-conical; thin, translucent, occasionally opaque. Peristome complete around aperture. (Vail, 1979). Interior of adult aperture with brownish tinge. Revista de Biologia Trpical, 51 (supplement): 1-299. Two subfamilies occur in North America. Nautilus, 32: 71. 1963. Clench, W.J., & R. D. Turner. 162-164). Is non-native to the area, in our case northwest Florida Floridobia alexander Shell large, 80-100 mm wide. 134). Native and Invasive Land Snails Hawaiian Snails ( Partulina virgulata) From Molokai Island, Hawaii, 1900s-1960s Giant African Snails ( Lissachatina fulica) From Mariana Islands, North Pacific Ocean, 1950 Rosy Wolf Snail ( Euglandina rosea) From Gulf Co., Florida, 1983 Exhibit Area On the Brink Theme Warning Story Tags: Brink Invasive Invertebrates As was anticipated, further work on the systematics of the southeastern freshwater snail fauna created the need for subsequent revision in 1999, and for this updated version. Apex suppressed to form a nearly flat plane with the peripheral angle (Figs.165-167). Spiral or costate sculpture usually present. An investigation by FDACS Division of Plant Industry found multiple positive sites with the snail in Miami-Dade County. 1-69. Invasive giant African land snail found in Florida can carry meningitis Tryonia aequicostatus Shell unicolor brown, never mottled with reddish spots. Umbilicus variable. Whorls 3.8-4.3. Apex of shell slightly convex in outline. 38). Floridobia petrifons Outer lip nearly straight and parallel to axis of shell in adults (Fig. It wasn't until 2021 the population was. Shell conical with strongly arched whorls and a deeply impressed suture. Shell sculpture with incremental striations only. Quarterly Journal of the Florida Acaemy of Sciences, 32: 241-65. 81-83). A parasite that can cause fatal disease in people and animals has been detected in South Florida (South Florida Sun-Sentinel) A dangerous parasite found in the giant African land snails that. Shell dark brown. Apex slightly behind and slightly to the right of midline. Adequate preservation begins when the specimens are collected. Amphibious; moves by step-like mode of progression (Fig. Incremental striations intensified near nucleus and umbilicus. 85). Haitia cubensis Smooth-ribbed Hydrobe Biomphalaria havanensis Outer lip of aperture arched forward (Figs. Click on the link in the row that best matches your snail. The family contains numerous genera and species, some of which are important medically as intermediate hosts for trematode parasites. Identification of Marine Snails - Coral Ever After Blackwater Ancylid The beaches in Florida are perfect for shelling and beach combing. Suwannee Hydrobe (Fig. Whorls straight-sided, not scalariform; suture hardly distinct; aperture terminating at periphery of last whorl; vertical ribs weaker and closely spaced; adult size about 25-30 mm long (Fig. Basch (1963) recognized five valid species. Planorbella scalaris Outer lip of aperture nearly straight in lateral profile (Figs. 197, 204). 61). Euglandina rosea - Wikipedia Spire depressed, much less than height of aperture, occasionally planular (Figs. 113). Suture not as deeply impressed as in 77b. Shell unicolor, with distinct vertical sculpture in addition to strong spiral sculpture. It could take years to fully rid the state of the species, officials say. 33); males without copulatory structures. 81). Vas deferens the only duct present in penis (Fig. Shell olive-green with vertical reddish flames and spots. Shell sculptured with vertical, weakly curved ribs and much finer spiral striations. 140-146). An invasive snail species known as the giant African land snail has officially been eradicated in the state of Florida after years of attempts and $24 million worth . Shell with a brownish hue. Red-rimmed Melania Gulf Coast Pebblesnail) Somatogyrus walkerianus (Aldrich, 1905). Amnicola dalli. The genus Viviparus (Viviparidae) in North America. Elimia annae Shell sculptured with fine spiral threads. Shell with about 4.5-5.0 whorls; about 3.0-4.8 mm long (Fig. Outer lip straightened just below shoulder; straightened portion lying at an angle to axis of shell (Figs. J. Clench and Ruth P. Turner (1956) published a survey of the fauna from the Suwannee River west to the Escambia River. Body whorl relatively rapidly expanding in diameter (Fig. Aphaostracon xynoelictus Most other genera have received relatively minor attention, and their systematics are in flux. Enterprise Siltsnail) Floridobia monroensis (Dall, 1885). Nuclear whorl slightly protruding, 0.29-0.41 mm in diameter transverse to initial suture. Sculpture above periphery of whorls consisting of nodes arranged in vertical and spiral rows. Specimens then are placed in a fixative such as 10 percent formalin or Bouins Solution. Operculum with about 3 whorls (Fig. Aperture without serrate denticles on parietal wall. (Thompson, 1968). Periphery of last whorl bluntly angular, lying below plane of apex (Figs. 12). Two genera of North American freshwater snails: Marstonia Baker, 1926 resureected to generic status, and Floridobia, new genus (Prosobranchia, Hydrobiidae, Nymphophilinae). (This character separates only the genera under consideration; genera from other areas of the world do not conform to this distinction.) Penis filament black. (Fig. (Lea, 1838). Vertical ribs smooth along the periphery, strongly developed (Fig. There is no consensus in systematic biology about how to treat these forms. Pomacea paludosa - Wikipedia (Thompson, 2000). 22). Shell conical to elongate-conical; whorls 4.0-4.5 with a deeply impressed suture. Floridobia helicogyra 17, 29-32), shell usually banded in Florida forms. Adult size small, about 12-16 mm long (Fig. 37), which is important for generic and specific diagnosis. Penis with a few simple scattered superior tubercles on outer surface; parapical crest on a low ridge; accessory crest and inferior crest absent (Fig. 59). Giant African Land Snails Cause Quarantine in Florida County - Peoplemag 55). The Giant African Land Snail Has Been Spotted Again in Florida Shell highly variable in shape; freshwater forms olivaceous or brown; adults with about 4.5-6.0 whorls; about 3.5-4.5 mm long (Fig. 107, 108). Umbilicus narrow, deep (Fig. 120). Malacological Review, 24: 55-72. 70). 197-209). Penis with papillae along right margin (Figs. Whorls flat-sided with suture weakly impressed. The specie prefer quite clear water, of lakes and backwaters of streams andsprings. Size small I I to medium, 8-12 mm in length. Females with an egg-laying groove or sinus on right side of foot; eggs deposited on substrate. 102a, 102b). In view of the inconsistency of these shell characters, these three forms may represent only a single species, Campeloma limum, which is widely distributed from the Escambia River system of Florida and Alabama east and north into North Carolina and Virginia. Common Shells of SW Florida and Keewaydin Island Beaches Spire long, 1.3-1.7 times length of aperture, convex in outline; shell relatively large and nearly cylindrical; 4.0-4.9 mm long; whorls 5.0-5.7, strongly rounded with a deeply impressed suture (Fig. Florida Museum of Natural History (Thompson, 1968). The systematic relationships of the hydrobiid snail genus Nymphophilus Taylor, 1966 and the status of the Subfamily Nymphophilinae. Shell usually planispiral, but two species may have a flat-topped, elevated spire. Clench, W.J., & S. L. H. Fuller. Littoridinops tenuipes Floridobia fraterna The rosy wolfsnail was introduced into Hawaii in 1955 as a biological control for the invasive . Lower margin of aperture advanced beyond upper margin so that plane of aperture slopes posteriorly when viewed from the side (Figs.189-193). The focus on most investigations was on rivers north of Florida, and little attention was given to the Florida fauna. In parthenogenetic organisms each population is inbred in the strictest genetic sense, and frequently a population will have minor characteristics that distinguish it from others. Columellart margin of aperture not flat-faced; apex of shell usually entire; penis with large terminal lobe on left side and small appendage-like flagellum on right margin (Fig. 89). Six species are known to occur in Florida. Penis with 0-6 papillae confined to right margin (Figs. 90). This is essential in the case of the Hydrobiidae. 202, 208). Pomacea canaliculata Shell conical or cylindric-conical. Umbilicus wide (Fig. Flatwood siltsnail Penis with a small blade-like flagellum along right margin and a heavy mid-ventral ridge that bears 8-11 narrow transverse dermal glands; other glands present on terminal lobe and flagellum (Figs. Floridobia ponderosa Shell rounded at the periphery (Figs. Combining characteristics of cranes and rails, it . 51, 52). Last whorl flattened above. Mihalcik, E. L. & F. G. Thompson. Davis, G.M., M. Mazurkiewicz, & M. Mandracchia. Alligator Siltsnail A little practice may be necessary to perfect this relaxing procedure. Narrowly umbilicate. (Menke, 1839). 41-43). Click on images to enlarge them. Pyrgophorus platyrachis Henscomb Hydrobe Spire of adults with heavy vertical ribs; unicolor dark brown; usually less than 18 mm long (Figs. Sculptured with regularly spaced, fine, incremental threads and spiral striations; spiral striations evident only on base of whorls in some specimens. These are white, which is the more prized color in. Genera that serve as intermediate hosts for schistosomatid trematodes have been studied extensively. (Lea, 1858). It is essential that clean specimens be examined under proper lighting to observe diagnostic sculpture characteristics. 72-74). Radula with tricuspid lateral teeth (Fig. Tadpole Physa The reader will discover how very little we know about any genus occurring in Florida. Arboreal forms, such as Liguus of Florida and Cuba, tend to be brightly coloured; terrestrial forms usually are drab. dalli Stately Elimia Florida once again has giant calamitous snails that spew parasitic Shell globose or tear-shaped. 15). 153). Aperture narrowly in contact or free from preceding whorl. 7-9). Shell larger, 2.2-4.8 mm long. Apex about 0.4-0.5 times length of shell. The . Umbilicus narrow, without a strong circum-umbilical ridge, outer lip without a callus on inner surface. The last time anyone had seen a land snail in the Sunshine State was at the tail-end of a year-long, $23-million battle to eradicate the invasive species from South Florida in 2012. 126); accessory crest present on penis. 54). All About Snail kites - juvenile v. female snail kite identification The first edition of The Freshwater Snails of Florida: a Manual for Identification was published in 1984. Whorls globose, with a deeply impressed suture. Parasite colonizing Florida snails could pose health risk - UPI 16, 25, 28). 75, 76). Clifton Spring Hydrobe